[1] Evans H E. The Comparative Ethology and Evolution of the Sand Wasps[M].Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966: 526.
[2] Hölldobler B, Wilson E O. The ants[M].Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990.
[3] Uvarov B P. Behaviour, Ecology, Biogeography, Population Dynamics[M].Grasshopper and Locust: a Handbook of General Acridology, Cambridge University Press, 1977.
[4] Parr A E. A contribution to the theoretical analysis of the schooling behavior of fishes[J].Occasional Papers Bingham Oceanography Collection, 1927, 1: 1-32.
[5] Breder C M J. Studies on social grouping in fishes[J].Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 1959, 117: 399-481.
[6] Wilson E O. Sociobiology: the New Synthesis[M].北京: 北京理工大学出版社, 2008.
[7] Nakamura E L. Behavior of Marine Ainimals: Current Perspectives in Research[M].New York: Plenum Press, 1972.
[8] Neuweiler G. Verhaltensbeobachtungen an einer indischen Flughundkolonie (Pteropus g. giganteus Brünn)[J].Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie, 1969, 26: 166-199.
[9] Mohr H. Zum Erkennen von Raubvogeln, insbesondere von Sperber und Baumfalk, durch Kleinvogeln[J].Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie, 1960, 17: 686-699.
[10] Murton R K. The Problems of Birds as Pests[M].New York: Academic Press, 1968: 157-169.
[11] Goss-Custard J D. Feeding dispersion in some overwintering wading birds[M] ∥Crook J H. Social Behavior in Birds and Mammals: Essays on the Social Ethology of Animals and Man: London. New York:Academic Press, 1970, 3-35.
[12] Davis R B, Herreid C F, Short H L. Mexican free-tailed bats in Texas[J].Ecological Monographs, 1962, 32: 311-346.
[13] Ioannou C C, Guttal V, Couzin I D. Predatory fish select for coordinated collective motion in virtual prey[J].Science, 2012, 337(6099): 1212-1215.
[14] Yang S C, Jiang S J, Jiang L, et al. Aggregation increases prey survival time in group chase and escape[J].New Journal of Physics, 2014, 16: 83006.
[15] Brock V E, Riffenburgh R H. Fish schooling: a possible factor in reducing predation[J].Journal du Conseil, Conseil Permanent International pour l' Exploration de la Mer, 1960, 25: 307-317.
[16] Jadbabaie A, Lin J, Morse A S. Coordination of groups of mobile sutonomous sgents using nearest neighbor rules[J].Automatic Control, 2003, 48: 988-1001.
[17] Liu Z X, Guo L. Synchronization of multi-agent systems without connectivity assumptions[J].Automatica, 2009, 45: 2744-2754.
[18] Vicsek T, Zafeiris A. Collective motion[J].Physics Reports, 2012, 517(3-4): 71-140.
[19] Vicsek T, Czirók A, Ben-Jacob E, et al. Novel type of phase transition in a system of self-driven particles[J].Physical Review Letters, 1995, 75: 1226.
[20] Couzin I D, Krause J, James R, et al. Collective memory and spatial sorting in animal groups[J].Journal of Theoretical Biology, 2002, 218: 1-11.
[21] Katz Y, Tunstrom K, Ioannou C C, et al. Inferring the structure and dynamics of interactions in schooling fish[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2011, 108(46): 18720-18725.
[22] Herbert-Read J E, Perna A, Mann R P, et al. Inferring the rules of interaction of shoaling fish[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2011, 108(46): 18726-18731.
[23] 唯像理论[EB/OL].[2014-05-22].http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E8%B1%A1%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA.
[24] Szabo B, Szolosi G J, Gonci B, et al. Phase transition in the collective migration of tissue cells: experiment and model[J].Physical Review E, 2006, 74: 61908.
[25] Buhl J, Sumpter D J T, Couzin I D, et al. From disorder to order in marching locusts[J].Science, 2006, 312(5778): 1402-1406.
[26] Cavagna A, Cimarelli A, Giardina I, et al. Scale-free correlations in starling flocks[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2010, 107(26): 11865-11870.
[27] Altshuler E, Ramos O, Nunez Y, et al. Symmetry breaking in escaping ants[J].The American Naturalist, 166: 643-649.
[28] Helbing D, Farkas I, Vicsek T. Simulating dynamical features of escape panic[J].Nature, 2000, 407: 487-490.
[29] Li G, Huan D, Reohner B, et al. Symmetry breaking on density in escaping ants: experiment and alarm pheromone model[J].Plos One, 2014, 9(12):e114517.
[30] Bonabeau E, Dagorn L, Freon P. Scaling in animal group-size distributions[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1999, 96: 4472-4477.
[31] Bonabeau E, Dagorn L. Possible universality in the size distribution of fish schools[J].Physical Review E, 5220: 51-54.
[32] Zhang H P, Be'Er A, Florin E L, et al. Collective motion and density fluctuations in bacterial colonies[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2010, 107(31): 13626-13630.
[33] Chen X, Dong X, Be'Er A, et al. Scale-invariant correlations in dynamic bacterial clusters[J].Physical Review Letters, 2012, 108(14):148101.
[34] Couzin I D, Krause J. Self-organization and collective behavior in vertebrates[J].Advances In the Study Of Behavior, 2003, 32: 1-75.
[35] Dell A I, Bender J A, Branson K, et al. Automated image-based tracking and its application in ecology[J].Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 2014, 29(7): 417-428.
[36] Reynolds C W. Flocks, herds and schools: a distributed behavioral model[J].Acm Siggraph Computer Graphics, 2015, 21(4):25-34.
[37] Strömbom D. Collective motion from local attraction[J].Journal of Theoretical Biology, 2011, 283(1): 145-151.
[38] Ballerini M, Cabibbo N, Candelier R, et al. Interaction ruling animal collective behavior depends on topological rather than metric distance: Evidence from a field study[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2007, 105: 1232-1237.
[39] Romanczuk P, Schimansky-Geier L. Swarming and pattern formation due to selective attraction and repulsion[J].Interface Focus, 2012, 2: 746-756.
[40] Lemasson B H, Anderson J J, Goodwin R A. Motion-guided attention promotes adaptive communications[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society B, .2012, 280: 20122003.
[41] Nagy M, ákos Z, Biro D, et al. Hierarchical group dynamics in pigeon flocks[J].Nature, 2010, 464(7290): 890-893.
[42] Freeman R, Mann R, Guilford T, et al. Group decisions and individual differences: route fidelity predicts flight leadership in homing pigeons (Columba livia)[J].biology letters, 2011, 7: 63-66.
[43] Couzin I D, Krause J, Franks N R, et al. Effective leadership and decision-making in animal groups on the move[J].Nature, 433: 513-516.
[44] Weitz S, Blanco S, Fournier R, et al. Modeling collective animal behavior with a cognitive perspective: a methodological framework[J].Plos ONE, 2012, 7: e38588.
[45] Theraulaz G, Bonabeau E, Nicolis S C, et al. Spatial patterns in ant coloniespdf[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2002, 99: 9645-9649.
[46] Di Z, Gho M, Lu M, et al. How can one measure group cohesion? From individual organisms to their interaction[DB/OL].http://arxiv.org/abs/1406.3595.