[1] Wolfram S. Universality and complexity in cellular automata[J]. Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena, 1984, 10(1): 1-35.
[2] Forrest S. Emergent computation: self-organizing, collective, and cooperative phenomena in natural and artificial computing networks: introduction to the proceedings of the ninth annual CNLS conference[J]. Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena, 1990, 42(1): 1-11.
[3] Holland J H. Emergence: From Chaos to Order[M]. Redwood City: Oxford University Press, 2000.
[4] Kube C R, Bonabeau E. Cooperative transport by ants and robots[J]. Robotics and autonomous systems, 2000, 30(1): 85-101.
[5] Martin M, Chopard B, Albuquerque P. Formation of an ant cemetery: swarm intelligence or statistical accident?[J]. Future Generation Computer Systems, 2002, 18(7): 951-959.
[6] Chung J R, Choe Y. Emergence of memory in reactive agents equipped with environmental markers[J]. Autonomous Mental Development, IEEE Transactions on, 2011, 3(3): 257-271.
[7] Damiani C, Serra R, Villani M, et al. Cell-cell interaction and diversity of emergent behaviours[J]. Systems Biology, IET, 2011, 5(2): 137-144.
[8] Tao Z, Xiao R, Wang L. Structure emergence in the evolution of social networks and its case study[J]. Procedia Computer Science, 2013, 17: 981-988.
[9] Seiffertt J, Wunsch D. Intelligence in markets: asset pricing, mechanism design, and natural computation[technology review][J]. IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine, 2008, 3(4): 27-30.
[10] Ha S Y, Ha T, Kim J H. Emergent behavior of a Cucker-Smale type particle model with nonlinear velocity couplings[J]. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 2010, 55(7): 1679-1683.
[11] Park J, Kim H J, Ha S Y. Cucker-Smale flocking with inter-particle bonding forces[J]. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 2010,55(11): 2617-2623.
[12] Finke J, Passino K M. Local agent requirements for stable emergent group distributions[J].IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 2011, 56(6): 1426-1431.
[13] Niazi M A, Hussain A. Sensing emergence in complex systems[J]. IEEE Sensors Journal, 2011, 11(10): 2479-2480.
[14] Tsilipanos K, Neokosmidis I, Varoutas D. A system of systems framework for the reliability assessment of telecommunications networks[J]. IEEE Systems Journal, 2013, 7(1): 114-124.
[15] Christie P. A fractal analysis of interconnection complexity[J]. Proceedings of the IEEE, 1993, 81(10): 1492-1499.
[16] Hales D, Patarin S. Computational sociology for systems" in the wild": the case of BitTorrent[J]. IEEE Distributed Systems Online, 2005, 6(7): 1-6.
[17] Santini S, Gupta A, Jain R. Emergent semantics through interaction in image databases[J]. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 2001, 13(3): 337-351.
[18] Shimizu M, Ishiguro A, Kawakatsu T. Slimebot: a modular robot that exploits emergent phenomena[C]//Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Conference on Robotics & Automation, 2005: 2982-2987.
[19] Lee S I, Cho S B. Emergent behaviors of a fuzzy sensory-motor controller evolved by genetic algorithm[J]. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B Cybernetics, 2001, 31(6): 919-929.
[20] Kahn J M, Katz R H, Pister K S J. Emerging challenges: mobile networking for “smart dust”[J]. Journal of Communications and Networks, 2000, 2(3): 188-196.
[21] Kunniyur S S, Venkatesh S S. Threshold functions, node isolation, and emergent lacunae in sensor networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 2006, 52(12): 5352-5372.
[22] Olascuaga-Cabrera J G, Lopez-Mellado E, Mendez-Vazquez A, et al. A self-organization algorithm for robust networking of wireless devices[J]. IEEE Sensors Journal, 2011, 11(3): 771-780.
[23] Charles P. Emergent collectives[J]. IEEE Internet Computing, 2011, 15(5): 99-102.
[24] Gravagne I A, Marks R J. Emergent behaviors of protector, refugee, and aggressor swarms[J]. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B Cybernetics, 2007, 37(2): 471-476.
[25] Cucker F, Smale S. Emergent behavior in flocks[J].IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 2007, 52(5): 852-862.
[26] Dressler F, Suda T, Carreras I, et al. Guest editorial bio-inspired networking[J].IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 2010, 28(4): 521-523.
[27] Liu Y, Passino K M. Stable social foraging swarms in a noisy environment[J]. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 2004, 49(1): 30-44.
[28] Van Drongelen W, Lee H C, Hereld M, et al. Emergent epileptiform activity in neural networks with weak excitatory synapses[J]. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 2005, 13(2): 236-241.
[29] Yu A R, Thompson B B, Marks R J. Competitive evolution of tactical multiswarm dynamics[J]. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Systems, 2013, 43(3): 563-569.
[30] Ewert W, Marks R J, Thompson B B, et al. Evolutionary inversion of swarm emergence using disjunctive combs control[J]. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Systems, 2013, 43(5): 1063-1076.
[31] Li N, Marden J R. Designing games for distributed optimization[J]. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing, 2013, 7(2): 230-242.
[32] 宋玉蓉, 蒋国平.基于一维元胞自动机的复杂网络恶意软件传播研究[J]. 物理学报, 2009, 58(9): 5911-5918.
Song Yurong, Jiang Guoping. Research of malware propagation in complex networks based on 1-D cellular automata[J]. Acta Physica Sinica. 2009, 58(9): 5911-5918.
[33] Simons N R S, Bridges G E, Podaima B W, et al. Cellular automata as an environment for simulating electromagnetic phenomena[J]. Microwave and Guided Wave Letters, 1994, 4(7): 247-249.
[34] Mamei M, Roli A, Zambonelli F. Emergence and control of macro-spatial structures in perturbed cellular automata, and implications for pervasive computing systems[J]. Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans, IEEE Transactions on, 2005, 35(3): 337-348.
[35] Mardiris V A, Karafyllidis I G. Universal cellular automaton cell using quantum cellular automata[J]. Electronics letters, 2009, 45(12): 607-609.
[36] Sapin E, Bull L, Adamatzky A. Genetic approaches to search for computing patterns in cellular automata[J]. Computational Intelligence Magazine, 2009, 4(3): 20-28.
[37] 肖人彬, 陶振武. 群集智能研究进展[J]. 管理科学学报, 2007, 10(3): 80-96.
Xiao Renbin, Tao Zhenwu. Development in swarm intelligence[J]. Journal of Management Sciences in China, 2007, 10(3): 80-96.
[38] 肖人彬. 面向复杂系统的群集智能[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2013.
[39] Dorigo M, Maniezzo V, Colorni A. The ant system: optimization by a colony of cooperating agents[J]. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics-Part B, 1996, 26(1) : 29-41.
[40] Weng J, Luciw M D, Zhang Q. Brain-like emergent temporal processing: emergent open states[J]. IEEE Transactions on Autonomous Mental Development, 2013, 5(2): 89-116.
[41] 颜泽贤, 范冬萍, 张华夏. 系统科学导论—复杂性探索[M]. 北京: 人民出版社, 2006.
[42] 金士尧, 黄红兵, 任传俊. 基于复杂性科学基本概念的MAS涌现性量化研究[J]. 计算机学报, 2009, 32(1): 17-29.
Jin Shiyao,Huang Hongbing,Ren Chuanjun. Emergence oriented research on MAS with quantifications based on the notions in science of complexity[J]. Chinese Journal of Computers, 2009, 32(1): 17-29.
[43] 尼科利斯 G, 普里戈金 I. 非平衡系统中的自组织[M]. 徐锡申,译. 北京: 科学出版社, 1986
[44] 哈肯 H. 协同学导论[M]. 张纪岳,郭治安,译. 西安: 西北大学科研处, 1981.
[45] Liu J, Jin X, Tsui K C. Autonomy-oriented computing (AOC): formulating computational systems with autonomous components[J]. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part A Systems and Humans, 2005, 35(6): 879-902.
[46] 李健, 李刚, 孙林岩. 分散化供应链的自组织演化机制建模与仿真[J]. 数学的实践与认识, 2008, 38(6): 26-34.
Li Jian, Li Gang, Sun Linyan. Modeling and simulation of distributed supply-chain self-organizing evolution mechanism[J]. Mathematics in Practice and Theory, 2008, 38(6): 26-34.
[47] 顾珊珊, 陈禹. 复杂适应性系统的仿真与研究——基于CAS理论的交通模拟[J]. 复杂系统与复杂性科学, 2004, 1(1): 82-88.
Gu Shanshan, Chen Yu. Modeling & simulation of complex adaptive system-a traffic simulation system[J]. Complex Systems and Complexity Science, 2004, 1(1): 82-88.
[48] 张嗣瀛. 复杂性科学, 整体规律与定性研究[J]. 复杂系统与复杂性科学, 2005, 2(1): 71-83.
Zhang Siying. Complexity science, rules of the whole systems and the qualitative researches[J]. Complex Systems and Complexity Science, 2005, 2(1): 71-83.
[49] 罗吉贵, 刘曾荣. 从同步到涌现[J]. 复杂系统与复杂性科学, 2005, 2(1): 29-32.
Luo Jigui, Liu Zengrong. From synchronization to emergence[J]. Complex Systems and Complexity Science, 2005, 2(1): 29-32.
[50] Winfree A T. Biological rhythms and the behavior of populations of coupled oscillators[J]. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1967, 16(1):15-42.
[51] Araki H. International symposium on mathematical problems in theoretical physics[J]. Lecture Notes in Physics, 1975, 39.
[52] Néda Z, Ravasz E, Brechet Y, et al. Self-organizing processes: The sound of many hands clapping[J]. Nature, 2000, 403(6772): 849-850.
[53] Strogatz S H. Fromkuramoto to crawford: exploring the onset of synchronization in populations of coupled oscillators[J]. Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena, 2000, 143(1): 1-20.
[54] 李德毅, 刘坤, 孙岩, 等. 涌现计算: 从无序掌声到有序掌声的虚拟现实[J]. 中国科学 E辑: 信息科学, 2007, 37(10): 1248-1257.
Li Deyi, Liu Kun, Sun Yan, et al. Emergent computation: the virtual reality of applause from disorder to ordered[J]. Science in China(Series E: Information Sciences), 2007, 37(10): 1248-1257.
[55] Li D, Liu K, Sun Y, et al. Emerging clapping synchronization from a complex multiagent network with local information via local control[J]. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, 2009, 56(6): 504-508.
[56] Wang D L. Emergent synchrony in locally coupled neural oscillators[J]. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 1995, 6(4): 941-948.
[57] Zhang Q, Lu J, Lu J, et al. Adaptive feedback synchronization of a general complex dynamical network with delayed nodes[J]. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, 2008, 55(2): 183-187.
[58] Chen M. Chaos synchronization in complex networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, 2008, 55(5): 1335-1346.
[59] Boulden S, Iorio A W, Abbass H A. Learning synchronization in networked complex systems using genetic algorithms[C]//IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, 2010: 1-8.
[60] 汪镭, 周国兴. 用Hopfield神经网络进行交流传动系统参数辨识[J]. 模式识别与人工智能, 1996, 9(3): 291-296.
Wang Lei, Zhou Guoxing. Hopfield neural network based AC drive system parameters identification[J]. Pattern Recognitien and Artificial Intelligence, 1996, 9(3): 291-296.
[61] 康琦, 安静, 汪镭, 等. 自然计算的研究综述[J]. 电子学报, 2012, 40(3): 548-558.
Kang Qi, An Jing, Wang Lei, et al. nature-inspired computation: a survey[J]. Aacta Electronica Sinica, 2012, 40(3): 548-558.
[62] 汪镭, 康琦, 吴启迪. 自然计算——人工智能的有效实施模式[J]. 系统工程理论与实践, 2007, 5: 126-134.
Wang Lei, Kang Qi, Wu Qidi. Nature-inspired computation-effective realization of artificial intelligence[J]. Systems Engineering-Theory & Practice, 2007, 5: 126-134.
[63] Dong J, Zhang Z, Ma D. Emergent phenomenon and the local information based DTA model[C]//IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2003, 2: 1273-1277.
[64] Sotelo M A, Van Lint J W C, Nunes U, et al. Introduction to the special issue on emergent cooperative technologies in intelligent transportation systems[J]. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2012, 13(1): 1-5.
[65] Linkens D A, Nyongesa H O. Learning systems in intelligent control: an appraisal of fuzzy, neural and genetic algorithm control applications[J]. IEEE Proceedings Control Theory and Applications, 1996, 143(4): 367-386.
[66] Maturana F P, Staron R J, Hall K H. Methodologies and tools for intelligent agents in distributed control[J]. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 2005, 20(1): 42-49.
[67] Arena P, Fortuna L, Frasca M, et al. A CNN-based chip for robot locomotion control[J]. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Re-gular Papers, 2005, 52(9): 1862-1871.
[68] Krasny D P, Orin D E. Generating high-speed dynamic running gaits in a quadruped robot using an evolutionary search[J]. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics, 2004, 34(4): 1685-1696.
[69] Arena P, Patanè L. Simple sensors provide inputs for cognitive robots[J]. IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, 2009, 12(3): 13-20.
[70] Floreano D, Mondada F. Evolution of homing navigation in a real mobile robot[J]. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics, 1996, 26(3): 396-407.
[71] Li Y, Tang Z, Xia G P, et al. A positively self-feedbacked Hopfield neural network architecture for crossbar switching[J]. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, 2005, 52(1): 200-206.
[72] Dogaru R. Applications of Emergent Computation in Reaction-Diffusion CNNs for Image Processing[C]//19th IEEE International Conference on Control Systems and Computer Science, 2013: 370-377.
[73] 杨淑莹, 刘旭鹏, 陶冲, 等. 基于免疫猫群优化算法的矢量量化的码书设计及语音识别[J]. 模式识别与人工智能, 27(7): 577-583.
Yang Shuying, Liu Xupeng, Tao Chong, et al. Vector quantization codebook design and speech recognition based on immune cat swarm optimization algorithm[J]. Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, 27(7): 577-583.
[74] Ha S Y, Ha T, Kim J H. Emergent behavior of a Cucker-Smale type particle model with nonlinear velocity couplings[J]. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 2010, 55(7): 1679-1683.
[75] Kahrobaee S, Rajabzadeh R A, Soh L K, et al. A multiagent modeling and investigation of smart homes with power generation, storage, and trading features[J]. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2013, 4(2): 659-668.
[76] Tero A, Takagi S, Saigusa T, et al. Rules for biologically inspired adaptive network design[J]. Science, 2010, 327(5964): 439-442.
[77] Seiffertt J, Wunsch D. Intelligence in markets: asset pricing, mechanism design, and natural computation technology review[J]. IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine, 2008, 3(4): 27-30.
[78] Chung J R, Choe Y. Emergence of memory in reactive agents equipped with environmental markers[J]. IEEE Transactions on Autonomous Mental Development, 2011, 3(3): 257-271.
[79] Lee S M, Pritchett A R. Predicting interactions between agents in agent-based modeling and simulation of sociotechnical systems[J]. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans, 2008, 38(6): 1210-1220.
[80] Hurlburt G, Voas J, Miller K, et al. A nonlinear perspective on higher education[J]. Computer, 2010 (12): 90-92.
[81] Kong Z, Mettler B. Modeling human guidance behavior based on patterns in agent–environment interactions[J]. IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems, 2013, 43(4): 371-384.
[82] Sanchez-Cortes D, Aran O, Mast M S, et al. A nonverbal behavior approach to identify emergent leaders in small groups[J]. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 2012, 14(3): 816-832.
[83] Izumi K, Ueda K. Phase transition in a foreign exchange market-analysis based on an artificial market approach[J]. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 2001, 5(5): 456-470.
[84] 栾笑天, 吴桐水, 寇勇刚. 基于CA方法的航空物流市场演化模型设计[J]. 复杂系统与复杂性科学, 2013, 10(4): 31-40.
Luan Xiaotian, Wu Tongshui, Kou Yonggang. Designing the evolution model of aviation logistics market with cellular automata[J]. Complex Systems and Complexity Science, 2013, 10(4): 31-40.
[85] Koritarov V S. Real-world market representation with agents[J]. IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, 2004, 2(4): 39-46.
[86] Chicco G, Napoli R, Piglione F, et al. Emergent electricity customer classification[J]. IEE Proceedings-Generation, Transmission and Distribution, 2005, 152(2): 164-172.
[87] 龚小庆, 范文涛, 丁义明. 建立系统科学基础理论框架的一种可能途径与若干具体思路(之八) —— 固定环境中的稳态涌现[J]. 系统工程理论与实践, 2003, 8: 1-7.
Gong Xiaoqing, Fan Wentao, Ding Yiming. A possible approach to the framework of the fundamental theory of system science: part eight[J]. Systems Engineering-theory & Practice, 2003, 8: 1-7.
[88] 龚小庆, 王展. 关于Zipf律的一点注记[J]. 复杂系统与复杂性科学, 2008, 5(3): 73-78.
Gong Xiaoqing, Wang Zhan. A note on the zipf′s law[J]. Complex Systems and Complexity Science, 2008, 5(3): 73-78.
[89] 龚小庆. 经济系统涌现和演化——复杂性科学的观点[J]. 财经论丛, 2004, 5(111): 12-18.
Gong Xiaoqing. Researches on emergence and evolution of economy——in the view of complexity sciences[J]. Collected Essays on Finance and Economics, 2004, 5(111): 12-18.
[90] 赵剑冬, 黄战. 基于Agent的经济社会系统建模与仿真研究[J]. 复杂系统与复杂性科学, 2011, 8(4): 59-67.
Zhao Jiandong, Huang Zhan. A study on agent based social-economic system modeling and simulation[J]. Complex Systems and Complexity Science, 2011, 8(4): 59-67.
[91] Zeng F, Decraene J, Low M Y H, et al. Evolving optimal and diversified military operational plans for computational red Teaming[J]. IEEE Systems Journal, 2012, 6(3): 499-509.
[92] Lewis R, Paechter B. Finding feasible timetables using group-based operators[J]. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 2007,
11(3): 397-413.
[93] 王飞跃, 史帝夫·兰森. 从人工生命到人工社会—复杂社会系统研究的现状和展望[J]. 复杂系统与复杂性科学, 2004, 1(1): 33-41.
Wang Feiyue, Lansing J S. From artificial life to artificial societies—new methods for studies of complex social systems[J]. Complex Systems and Complexity Science, 2004, 1(1): 33-41.