Abstract：According to the study of “new” new economic geography, there are three “black boxes” in terms of the setting of firm productivity, the mechanism of knowledge spillover between firms, and the sources of the increase in agglomerated areas’ productivity. Based on the ideas and methods of Complexity and Agent-based Computational Economics, we use Genetic Algorithms to encode firms’ knowledge structure and develop an agent-based spatial economic evolution simulation platform to simulate the process of firms’ productivity improvement and spatial agglomeration through knowledge spillover and innovation. Simulation experiments demonstrate that the knowledge spillover leads to dynamic heterogeneity of firms, and the flow of firms between regions is progressive and bidirectional. Then, in the early stage of the spatial agglomeration process, the increase in regional productivity is due to the “pull-up effect” formed by the entry of high-efficiency firms and the combined effect of knowledge spillover, while in the later stage of the agglomeration process, the increase in regional productivity is mainly due to local knowledge spillover and the “pull-down effect” of the entry of low-efficiency firms.
[1] BALDWIN R, OKUBO T. Heterogeneous firms, agglomeration and economic geography: spatial selection and sorting[J]. Journal of Economic Geography, 2006, 6(3): 323346. [2] OKUBO T, PIERRE M, THISSE J. The spatial selection of heterogeneous firms[J].Journal of International Economics, 2010, 82(2): 230237. [3] FORSLID R, OKUBO T. Which firms are left in the periphery?-spatial sorting of heterogeneous firms with scale economies in transportation[J]. Journal of Regional Science, 2015, 55(1): 5165. [4] OTTAVIANO G. 'New' new economic geography: firm heterogeneity and agglomeration economies[J]. Journal of Economic Geography, 2011, 11(2): 231240. [5] 梁琦,陈强远,王如玉.异质性企业区位选择研究评述[J].经济学动态,2016(4):126139. LIANG Q, CHEN Q Y, WANG R Y. Review on study of the location selections of heterogeneous firm[J]. Economic Perspectives, 2016(4):126139. [6] 杨开忠,董亚宁,薛领,等.“新”新经济地理学的回顾与展望[J].广西社会科学,2016(5): 6374. YANG K Z, DONG Y N, XUE L, et al. The review and prospects of ‘new’ new economic geography[J]. Guangxi Social Sciences, 2016(5): 6374. [7] MELITZ M. The impact of trade on intra-industry re-allocation and aggregate industrial productivity[J]. Econometrica, 2003, 71(6): 16951725. [8] ATKESON A, BURSTEIN A. Innovation,firm dynamics, and international trade[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 2010, 118(3): 433484. [9] BUSTOS P. Trade liberalization, exports, and technology upgrading: evidence on the impact of mercosur on argentinian firms[J]. American Economic Review, 2011, 101(1):304340. [10] 方虹,王旭. 马克·梅利茨对异质性企业贸易理论的贡献——科睿维安“引文桂冠奖”得主学术贡献评介[J].经济学动态,2018,686(4):148158. FANG H, WANG X. Melitz’s Contribution to the theory of heterogeneous firms trade[J]. Economic Perspectives, 2018,686(4): 148158. [11] 崔凡,邓兴华.异质性企业贸易理论的发展综述[J].世界经济,2014,37(6):138160. CUI F, DENG X H. Review on the development of heterogeneous firm trade theory[J].World Economy, 2014, 37(6): 138160. [12] MELITZ M, Redding S. Missing gains from trade? social science electronic publishing[J]. American Economic Review, 2014, 104(5): 317321. [13] MAYER T, MELITZ M, OTTAVIANO G. Product mix and firm productivity responses to trade competition[J]. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 2021, 103(5): 874891. [14] 陈丰龙,徐康宁.本土市场规模与中国制造业全要素生产率[J].中国工业经济,2012(5):4456. CHEN F L, XU K N. Home market size and TFP of china’s manufacturing sector[J]. China Industrial Economics, 2012(5): 4456. [15] TABUCHI T, THISSE J, ZHU X. Does technological progress magnify regional disparities?[J]. International Economic Review, 2018, 59(2): 647663. [16] MARSHALL A. Principles of Economics: an Introductory Volume[M]. London: Macmillan, 1920: 564565. [17] JACOBS J. The Economy of Cities[M]. NeW York: Random House, 1969:4860. [18] GLAESER E L, KALLAL H D, SCHEINKMAN, et al. Growth in cities[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1992, 100(6): 11261152. [19] FUJITA M.Thunen and the new economic geography[J]. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 2012, 42(6): 907912. [20] BERLIANT M,FUJITA M. The dynamics of knowledge diversity and economic growth[J]. Southern Economic Journal, 2011, 77(4): 856884. [21] BOSCHMA R A. Proximity and innovation: a critical assessment[J]. Regional Studies, 2005, 39(1): 6174. [22] BOSCHMA R A, FRENKEN K. Why is economic geography not an evolutionary science? towards an evolutionary economic geography[J]. Journal of Economic Geography, 2006, 6(4), 273302. [23] HIDALGO C A, KLINGER B, BARABASI A, et al. The product space conditions the development of nations[J]. Science, 2007, 317(7): 482487. [24] 刘志高,张薇.演化经济地理学视角下的产业结构演替与分叉研究评述[J].经济地理,2016,36(12):218223. LIU Z G, ZHANG W. Review on study of industrial structure evolution and branching from the perspective of evolutionary economic geography[J]. Economic Geography, 2016, 36(12): 218223. [25] 郭琪,贺灿飞.演化经济地理视角下的技术关联研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2018,37(2):229238. GUO Q, HE C F. Progress of research on technological relatedness in the perspective of evolutionary economic geography[J]. Progress in Geography, 2018, 37(2): 229238. [26] 毛琦梁.时空压缩下的空间知识溢出与产业升级[J].科学学研究,2019,37(3):422435. MAO Q L. Time-space compression, spatial knowledge spillovers, and industrial upgrading[J]. Studies in Science of Science,2019,37(3):422435. [27] BERLIANT M, FUJITA M. Knowledge creation as a square dance on the hilbert cube[J]. International Economic Review, 2008, 49(4): 12511295. [28] BOSCHMA R A, MARROCU E, PACI R. Symmetric and asymmetric effects of proximities[J]. The Case of M&A Deals in Italy. Journal of Economic Geography, 2015, 16(2):505535. [29] BEHRENS K, DURANTON G, ROBERT-NICOUD F. Productive cities: sorting, selection, and agglomeration[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 2010, 122(3): 507553. [30] ARIMOTO Y, NAKAJIMA K, OKAZAKI T. Sources of productivity improvement in industrial clusters: the case of the prewar japanese silk-reeling industry[J]. Regional Science & Urban Economics, 2014, 46(5): 2741. [31] COMBES PP, DURANTON G, GOBILLON L, et al. Sorting and local wages and skill distributions in france[J]. Regional Science & Urban Economics, 2012, 42(6): 913930. [32] ARTHUR W B. Complexity and the economy[J]. Science, 1999, 284(5411): 107109. [33] 布莱恩·亚瑟.复杂经济学[M]. 杭州:浙江人民出版社,2019:187207. [34] TESFATSION L S. Agent-based computational economics: growing economies from the bottom up[J]. Artificial Life, 2014, 8(1): 5582. [35] 鲜于波,梅琳.复杂网络与标准扩散中的集聚:基于主体的计算经济学研究[J].复杂系统与复杂性科学,2008,5(1):1421. XIAN Y B, MEI L.Complex network and clustering in standard diffusion: research based upon agent-based computational economics[J]. Complex Systems and Complexity Science, 2008,5(1): 1421. [36] FOWLER C S. Takinggeographical economics out of equilibrium: implications for theory and policy[J]. Journal of Economic Geography, 2007, 7(3): 265284. [37] 薛领,杨开忠,沈体雁.基于agent的建模——地理计算的新发展[J].地球科学进展,2004,19(2):305311. XUE L, YANG K Z, SHEN T Y. Agent-based modeling: the new advance in geocomputation[J]. Advance in Earth Sciences, 2004,19(2): 305311. [38] 薛领,罗柏宇,翁瑾.基于agent的商业中心地空间结构动态模拟[J].地理研究,2010,29(9):16591669. XUE L, LUO B Y, W J. Dynamic simulation of central place by using agent-based modeling[J]. Geographical Research, 2010, 29(9): 16591669. [39] HOLLAND J. Adaptation in natural and artificial systems: an introductory analysis with application to biology[J]. Control & Artificial Intelligence, 1975:141150. [40] KOZA J. Hidden order: how adaptation builds complexity[J]. Artificial Life,1995,2(3):333335. [41] GOLDBERG D E. The design of innovation[J]. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 2000, 64(1): 712. [42] 薛领,张晓林.基于Agent建模的新经济地理学核心-边缘模型模拟——兼论与数值模拟的比较[J].经济与管理,2019,33(4):3138. XUE L, ZHANG X L. Core-periphery model simulation of new economic geography based on agent modeling[J]. Economy and Management, 2019, 33(4): 3138. [43] SCHUMPETER J. The Theory of Economic Development[M]. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press,1934:3940.
